“Tidya chiyani?”

M’NTHAWI ya Yesu, anthu ankakonda kukambirana nkhani yokhudza zakudya ndiponso zakumwa. Ndipo chozizwitsa choyamba chimene Yesu anachita chinali kusandutsa madzi kukhala vinyo. Komanso kawiri konse, iye anagwiritsa ntchito mikate ndiponso nsomba zochepa kwambiri kudyetsa khamu la anthu. (Mateyo 16:7-10; Yohane 2:3-11) Yesu ankadya pamodzi ndi anthu osauka komanso olemera. Ndipo adani ake ankamunena kuti anali wosusuka ndiponso wokondetsa vinyo. (Mateyo 11:18, 19) Koma zimenezi sizinali zoona. Komabe iye ankadziwa kuti anthu amafunikira kudya ndiponso kumwa kuti akhale ndi moyo. N’chifukwa chake iye anagwiritsira ntchito mwaluso zinthu zimenezi pofuna kuphunzitsa anthu zinthu zauzimu.​—Luka 22:14-20; Yohane 6:35-40.

Kodi panthawi imeneyi anthu ankakonda kumwa ndiponso kudya zakudya zotani? Kodi munthu ankafunika kuchita zinthu zotani kuti athe kukonza zakudyazo? Mayankho a mafunso amenewa angatithandize kumvetsa bwino nkhani zina zotchulidwa m’mabuku a Uthenga Wabwino.

Mutipatse “Chakudya Chathu cha Lero”

Pamene Yesu ankaphunzitsa ophunzira ake kupemphera, anasonyeza kuti tiyenera kupempha Mulungu kuti atipatse zinthu zofunika pamoyo, monga ‘chakudya cha lero.’ (Mateyo 6:11) Mawu a Chiheberi ndiponso a Chigiriki omwe anawamasulira kuti “chakudya,” amatanthauza “mkate.” M’nthawi ya Yesu, mkate unali chakudya chofunika kwambiri kwa anthu moti munthu akati “wadya chakudya” ankatanthauza kuti “wadya mkate.” Mkate unkaphikidwa ndi ufa wa tirigu ndiponso balere koma nthawi zina ankagwiritsa ntchito ufa wa mawere. Akatswiri ofufuza amati munthu mmodzi ankafunika ufa wolemera makilogalamu 200 pachaka, kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino.

Nthawi zina, anthu ankagula mkate pamsika. Komabe mabanja ambiri ankaphika okha mikate ngakhale kuti ntchito imeneyi si inali yophweka. Buku lina lonena za moyo wa anthu a ku Palestina linati: “Popeza kuti zinali zovuta kusunga ufa kwanthawi yaitali, mayi ankapera ufa tsiku lililonse.” Komano kodi ntchito yoperayi inkatenga nthawi yaitali bwanji? Bukuli linati “inkatenga ola lathunthu ndipo inali yotopetsa chifukwa ankagwiritsa ntchito mphero. Tirigu wolemera kilogalamu imodzi ankangotulutsa ufa wopitirira theka la kilogalamu. Popeza kuti munthu aliyense ankafunikira ufa wolemera pafupifupi theka la kilogalamu patsiku, mayi ankayenera kupera ufa kwa maola atatu kuti akonze chakudya chokwanira banja la anthu asanu kapena 6.”​—Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls.

 Ndiyeno m’ganizireni Mariya, mayi wa Yesu. Kuwonjezera pa ntchito zapakhomo, iye ankafunikira kuphika mkate wokwanira mwamuna wake, ana ake aamuna asanu ndiponso ana aakazi osachepera awiri. (Mateyo 13:55, 56) Choncho, n’zoonekeratu kuti monga mmene zinalili kwa azimayi onse achiyuda, Mariya ankagwira ntchito mwakhama kwambiri pokonza ‘chakudya cha lero.’

“Bwerani Mudye Chakudya cha M’mawa”

Yesu ataukitsidwa, tsiku lina m’mawa, anaonekera kwa ena mwa ophunzira ake. Ophunzirawo anachezera usiku wonse kugwira ntchito yosodza koma sanaphe nsomba ngakhale imodzi. Kenako Yesu anauza ophunzira akewo, omwe anali atatopa kwambiri, kuti: “Bwerani mudye chakudya cha m’mawa.” Ndipo anawapatsa nsomba ndi mkate. (Yohane 21:9-13) Ngakhale kuti m’Mauthenga Abwino onse lemba lokhali ndi limene limatchula za chakudya cha m’mawa, anthu ambiri ankadya chakudya cha m’mawa monga mkate, mtedza, mphesa zouma kapena maolivi.

Nanga kodi anthu ankadya chiyani masana? Buku lina linanena kuti: “Chakudya chamasana chinkakhala mkate, maolivi, nkhuyu ndiponso zinthu monga tirigu ndi balere.” (Life in Biblical Israel) Mwina ophunzira a Yesu ananyamula zakudya ngati zimenezi pochokera ku Sukari, pamene anapeza Yesu akulankhula ndi mzimayi wachisamariya pachitsime. Apa nthawi n’kuti “ili cha m’ma 12 koloko masana” ndipo ophunzira ake anali “atalowa mu mzinda kukagula chakudya.”​—Yohane 4:5-8.

Banja lonse linkadyera limodzi chakudya chamadzulo. Ponena za chakudya chimenechi, buku lina linati: “Anthu ambiri ankadya mkate kapena phala la balere, la nyemba, la mtedza kapena zinthu zina, koma nthawi zina ankaphikira ufa wa tirigu. Pophika mkate kapena phala, nthawi zambiri ankathiramo mchere ndiponso mafuta kapena maolivi. Nthawi zina ankathiramo uchi kapena madzi a zipatso ndi zokometsera zina.” (Poverty and Charity in Roman Palestine, First Three Centuries C.E.) Pachakudya chamadzulochi, nthawi zina pankakhalanso mkaka, tchizi, ndiwo zamasamba ndiponso zipatso. Panthawiyo, anthu a ku Palestina ankalima ndiwo zamasamba pafupifupi mitundu 30. Zina mwa ndiwozo zinali anyezi, adyo, karoti ndiponso kabichi. Ankalimanso mitundu yoposa 25 ya zipatso monga (1) nkhuyu, (2) zipatso za kanjedza, ndiponso (3) makangaza.

Tayerekezerani kuti mukuona Yesu akudya zina mwa zakudya zimenezi pamodzi ndi Lazaro ndi azilongo ake, Marita ndi Mariya. Kenako Mariya akudzoza mapazi a Yesu ndi “nado weniweni.” Ndiyeno mukumva kafungo konunkhira bwino komwe kali m’nyumbamo chifukwa cha mafuta okwera mtengowo komanso chakudyacho.​—Yohane 12:1-3.

“Ukakonza Phwando”

Tsiku lina Yesu anaphunzitsa anthu mfundo yofunika kwambiri. Panthawiyi, iye ankadya chakudya “m’nyumba ya mmodzi wa akuluakulu a Afarisi.” Iye anati: “Ukakonza phwando, uziitana anthu osauka, otsimphina, olemala, ndi akhungu;  ndipo udzakhala wosangalala, chifukwa alibe choti adzabweze kwa iwe. Pakuti udzabwezeredwa pa kuuka kwa anthu olungama.” (Luka 14:1-14) Ngati Mfarisiyo akanatsatira malangizo amenewa, kodi akanakonza chakudya chotani?

Pokonza phwando, anthu olemera ayenera kuti ankaphika mkate wapadera, woumbidwa mosiyanasiyana, womwe ankathiramo vinyo, uchi, mkaka ndiponso zokometsera zina. Komanso pankakhala zakudya zina monga batala ndi tchizi, maolivi aawisi ndi ofutsa komanso mafuta a maolivi. Pankhaniyi, buku lina linati: “Pachaka, munthu aliyense ankadya mafuta olemera makilogalamu 20, ndipo mafuta ena ankadzola ndipo ena ankaika mu nyale.”​—Food in Antiquity.

Ngati Mfarisiyu ankakhala m’mphepete mwa nyanja, ndiye kuti akanawaphikira anthuwo nsomba zaziwisi. Anthu amene ankakhala kutali ndi nyanja ankadya nsomba zomwe ankazikonza poziviika m’madzi a mchere kuti zisawole. Nthawi zina munthu yemwe wakonza phwando ankaphika nyama, yomwe chinali chakudya chosowa kwambiri kwa anthu osauka. Nthawi zambiri, paphwando lotere ankaphikanso mazira. (Luka 11:12) Pokonza zakudya zimenezi, ayenera kuti ankathiramo tizinthu tinan’tina tokometsera ndiponso tonunkhiritsa chakudya. (Mateyo 13:31; 23:23; Luka 11:42) Pankakhalanso tinan’tina toponya mkamwa akamaliza kudya. Tizinthuti tinali monga tirigu wokazinga wosakaniza ndi uchi ndiponso zinthu zina zokometsera.

Anthu obwera paphwandolo ayenera kuti ankapatsidwa mphesa zaziwisi, zouma kapenanso vinyo. Ndipo akatswiri ena ofufuza zinthu zakale za m’mabwinja apeza zipangizo zambirimbiri zopangira vinyo, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti ku Palestina anthu ankakonda kwambiri kumwa vinyo. Komanso apeza bwinja lina mu mzinda wa Gibeoni, lomwe linali ndi malo 63 osungiramo vinyo. Malo amenewa ankatha kusungiramo vinyo wokwana malita 100,000.

“Musamade Nkhawa”

Mukamawerenga Mauthenga Abwino, muona kuti Yesu anatchula zakudya kapena zakumwa maulendo ambiri m’mafanizo ake ndiponso anatchula zimenezi pophunzitsa anthu panthawi imene ankadya nawo. Ndithudi, Yesu ndi ophunzira ake ankasangalala kudya ndi kumwa, makamaka akakhala ndi anzawo a pamtima. Koma ankaona kuti zimenezi si zinali zofunika kwambiri pamoyo wawo.

Yesu anathandiza ophunzira ake kuti asamakonde kwambiri kudya kapena kumwa. Iye anati: “Musamade nkhawa n’kumati, ‘Tidya chiyani?’ kapena, ‘Timwa chiyani?’ kapena, ‘Tivala chiyani?’ Pakuti amitundu akufunafuna mwakhama zinthu zonse zimenezi. Koma Atate wanu wakumwamba akudziwa kuti zinthu zonsezi inu mukuzisowa.” (Mateyo 6:31, 32) Ophunzirawo anamvera malangizo amenewa ndipo Mulungu anawasamalira powapatsa zinthu zofunika pamoyo wawo. (2 Akorinto 9:8) N’zoona kuti zakudya zimene mumadya masiku ano zingakhale zosiyana kwambiri ndi zimene anthu ankadya m’nthawi ya Yesu. Koma dziwani kuti Mulungu adzakusamalirani ngati muika zofuna zake poyamba m’moyo wanu.​—Mateyo 6:33, 34.